https://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&feed=atom&action=historyCH391L/S14/Ashley's First assignment - Revision history2024-03-29T14:10:52ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.21.1https://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95992&oldid=prevAshley Kessel: /* Tetracycline Positive Selection */2014-01-28T20:26:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tetracycline Positive Selection</span></span></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:26, 28 January 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''tetA(C)'' gene is primarily used for positive selection in bacteria, similar to ''ampR''.  ''tetA(C)'' encodes a membrane-bound transporter that rapidly pumps the antibiotic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline tetracycline] out of bacterial cells.  This process is energy dependent, as the protein uses the influx of H+ ions from the surrounding environment to drive the process.  Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum, polyketide antibiotic derived from ''Streptomyces'' that inhibits bacterial translation.  The antibiotic binds the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes, blocking entry of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site of the ribosome.<cite>McNicholas92</cite>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ''tetA(C)'' gene is primarily used for positive selection in bacteria, similar to ''ampR''.  ''tetA(C)'' encodes a membrane-bound transporter that rapidly pumps the antibiotic [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline tetracycline] out of bacterial cells.  This process is energy dependent, as the protein uses the influx of H+ ions from the surrounding environment to drive the process.  Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum, polyketide antibiotic derived from ''Streptomyces'' that inhibits bacterial translation.  The antibiotic binds the 30s subunit of bacterial ribosomes, blocking entry of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the A site of the ribosome.<cite>McNicholas92</cite>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Image:tet.png|thumb|center|500px| </del>The structure of tetracycline. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline Tetracycline on Wikipedia]]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[ The structure of tetracycline. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracycline Tetracycline on Wikipedia]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because tetracycline resistance is gained through expression of a transporter and not a modifying enzyme, selective media maintains its antibiotic levels during growth of resistant cells.  High levels of ''tetA'' expression can have a detrimental effect on the cells however, due the energy cost of pumping tetracycline and increased vulnerability to certain extracellular conditions.  This often results in fewer viable cells when using tetracycline selection compared to selection with antibiotics like ampicillin and kanamycin.<cite>Podolsky96</cite></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because tetracycline resistance is gained through expression of a transporter and not a modifying enzyme, selective media maintains its antibiotic levels during growth of resistant cells.  High levels of ''tetA'' expression can have a detrimental effect on the cells however, due the energy cost of pumping tetracycline and increased vulnerability to certain extracellular conditions.  This often results in fewer viable cells when using tetracycline selection compared to selection with antibiotics like ampicillin and kanamycin.<cite>Podolsky96</cite></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Nickel Salt Negative Selection===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Nickel Salt Negative Selection===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Expression of ''tetA'' in bacteria has the side effect of making cells more vulnerable to poisoning by either lipophilic chelating agents or metal salts.  Although ''tetA'' expressing ''Salmonella'' strains were shown to be extremely sensitive to chelating agents such as fusaric or quinaldic acids, these compounds are only marginally effective on ''E. coli''.  Based on earlier observations that metals like cadmium inhibited growth of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, a technique was developed that uses nickel salts to select against ''tetA'' expressing E. coli with much greater efficiency.  Cheap, non-toxic Nickel Chloride is the most commonly used selection agent.  Although originally used to select for cells that had lost a ''tetA'' marker, this method has proven useful in dual selection schemes for evolving regulators of gene expression. <cite>Podolsky96,Nomura07</cite></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Expression of ''tetA'' in bacteria has the side effect of making cells more vulnerable to poisoning by either lipophilic chelating agents or metal salts.  Although ''tetA'' expressing ''Salmonella'' strains were shown to be extremely sensitive to chelating agents such as fusaric or quinaldic acids, these compounds are only marginally effective on ''E. coli''.  Based on earlier observations that metals like cadmium inhibited growth of tetracycline-resistant bacteria, a technique was developed that uses nickel salts to select against ''tetA'' expressing E. coli with much greater efficiency.  Cheap, non-toxic Nickel Chloride is the most commonly used selection agent.  Although originally used to select for cells that had lost a ''tetA'' marker, this method has proven useful in dual selection schemes for evolving regulators of gene expression. <cite>Podolsky96,Nomura07</cite></div></td></tr>
</table>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95939&oldid=prevAshley Kessel at 21:59, 24 January 20142014-01-24T21:59:41Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95939&oldid=95938">Show changes</a>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95938&oldid=prevAshley Kessel at 21:28, 24 January 20142014-01-24T21:28:37Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95938&oldid=95937">Show changes</a>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95937&oldid=prevAshley Kessel at 21:22, 24 January 20142014-01-24T21:22:13Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:22, 24 January 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:CH391L_S12]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:CH391L_S12]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Counterselectable Genetic Markers==</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ashley Kessel's first assignment. Cloned wiki.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ashley Kessel's first assignment. Cloned wiki.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Counterselectable Genetic Markers==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr>
</table>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95936&oldid=prevAshley Kessel at 21:21, 24 January 20142014-01-24T21:21:42Z<p></p>
<table class='diff diff-contentalign-left'>
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<col class='diff-marker' />
<col class='diff-content' />
<tr style='vertical-align: top;'>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:21, 24 January 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 2:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Counterselectable Genetic Markers==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Counterselectable Genetic Markers==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ashley Kessel's first assignment. Cloned wiki.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr>
</table>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95935&oldid=prevAshley Kessel at 21:20, 24 January 20142014-01-24T21:20:20Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95935&oldid=95803">Show changes</a>Ashley Kesselhttps://www.synbiocyc.org/wiki/index.php?title=CH391L/S14/Ashley%27s_First_assignment&diff=95803&oldid=prevGas2342: Created page with "Category:CH391L_S13 = Introduction to Synthetic Biology = This quotation about the Molecular Biology revolution of the first part of the twentieth century sets the stage ..."2014-01-20T22:11:21Z<p>Created page with "<a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Category:CH391L_S13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:CH391L S13 (page does not exist)">Category:CH391L_S13</a> = Introduction to Synthetic Biology = This quotation about the Molecular Biology revolution of the first part of the twentieth century sets the stage ..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>[[Category:CH391L_S13]]<br />
= Introduction to Synthetic Biology =<br />
<br />
This quotation about the Molecular Biology revolution of the first part of the twentieth century sets the stage for synthetic biology.<br />
<br />
<blockquote><br />
It was a quarter-century ago that Watson and Crick, playing with cardboard cutouts and wire-and-sheet-metal models and sorting out the few controlling facts from a hotchpotch of data, elucidated the molecular architecture of the genetic material itself, the double-railed circular staircase of deoxyribonucleic acid. What has been learned in the years since is full of surprises, full of wit and beauty, full of the most gratifying illumination. The culmination is now approaching of the great endeavor of biology that has swept on for a century and a quarter—an achievement of imagination that rivals the parallel, junior enterprise in physics that began with relativity and quantum mechanics. Biologists' pursuit of complete and explicit understanding has begun to list the exact molecular sequences that encode the hereditary message, instruction by instruction; it has tweezed apart the springs and gears by which the message is expressed in the building of the cell, and the ratchets and pawls by which that expression is regulated; it has accustomed men to speak apparently without wonder of the structural transformations by which a single protein molecule, an enzyme, will break or build other proteins, or by which, for example, a molecule of hemoglobin will flex its broad shoulders and bend its knees to pick up oxygen.<br />
</blockquote><br />
<blockquote><br />
To be sure, the discoveries have not produced the great practical payout that has repeatedly been anticipated for them. Biologists have no atomic power stations and no bombs to point to, or at least not yet. No baby has been cured of a congenital deficiency by insertion of a missing gene into its cells. There is no vaccine against human leukemia, not even a cure for hay fever. Though some of the rewards are at last imminent, most scientists have learned that they must speak guardedly and emphasize to laymen the gaps to be filled in. <br />
</blockquote><br />
<blockquote><br />
''The Eighth Day of Creation'', Horace Freeland Judson, 1979 <cite>Judson1979</cite><br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
== The Culture of Synthetic Biology ==<br />
<br />
On the one hand, synthetic biology has its roots in conventional fields of science, including molecular biology, metabolic engineering, protein design, and bioengineering. One could say that it is simply a clever re-branding of advances in those fields. On the other hand, much of the "newness" of synthetic biology has been due to the impact of a do-it-yourself (DIY) mindset associated with the open-source movement and even hacker culture that is not traditional to the field of molecular biology. The idea is that putting the tools in the hands of young and creative scientists will result in rapid and creative progress. This is a philosophy of the [http://igem.org iGEM competition], for example. Critics of this approach would contend that such rapid progress and wide dissemination of these technologies without oversight risks having unintended adverse ecological and societal impacts. See the [[CH391L/S13/Ethics|synthetic biology ethics topic]].<br />
<br />
Links related to the flavor and hype of synthetic biology:<br />
* [[Adventures|Adventures in Synthetic Biology Comic Book]]<br />
* [[Media:16cribsheet.pdf|SEED Magazine's Synthetic Biology Cribsheet]]<br />
* [http://www.fieldtest.us/bio.shtml Field Test Film Core Synthetic Biology documentary]<br />
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/craig_venter_is_on_the_verge_of_creating_synthetic_life.html 2008 TED talk given by J.Craig Venter about the 1st Synthetic Genome Assembled ]<br />
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ushmgPM7HT8 Imperial College iGEM team Wellcome Trust documentary (50 min)]<br />
* [http://vimeo.com/19759432 E. chromi video]<br />
* [https://www.facebook.com/IgemMemes iGEM memes]<br />
<br />
== Timeline of Synthetic Biology ==<br />
<br />
{| cellpadding="4"<br />
|- bgcolor="lightgray"<br />
! Year !! Event<br />
|-<br />
| 1970 || Discovery of first site-specific restriction enzyme <cite>Smith70</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 1972 || First publication on recombinant DNA <cite>Jackson1972</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 1976 || First genome sequenced- Bacteriophage MS2 <cite>Fiers1976</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 1981 || Introduction of phosphoramidite method of DNA oligonucleotide synthesis. <cite>Matteucci1981</cite><br />
|-<br />
|1983 || First genetically modified plant is produced <cite>Fraley</cite> <br />
|-<br />
|2000 || The "Repressilator" <cite>Elowitz2000</cite><br />
|-<br />
|2002 || Creation of the first synthetic virus <cite>Cello2002</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || First use of the term "BioBrick" <cite>Knight2003</cite> First chemically synthesized bacteriophage genome assembled <cite>Smith2003</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || First iGEM Jamboree<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || "Adventures in Synthetic Biology" ''Nature'' Cover<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || Human Genome Project completed <cite>Gregory2006</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || First application of context-free grammars in CAD software for Synthetic Biology ([http://www.genocad.org GenoCAD]) <cite>Cai2007</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || First synthetic genome assembled <cite>Gibson2008</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || Creation of ''Mycoplasma mycoides'' JCVI-syn1.0, the first microbe with a self-replicating synthetic genome. <cite>Gibson2010</cite><br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || Storage of digital information using DNA popularized in the media, ''Economist'' ([http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21570671-archives-could-last-thousands-years-when-stored-dna-instead-magnetic Archives Could Last Thousands of Years when Stored on DNA])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== What is synthetic biology? ==<br />
<br />
Types of studies referred to as synthetic biology (and other fields that might also claim them).<br />
<br />
* "The goal of synthetic biology is to extend or modify the behavior of organisms and engineer them to perform new tasks."<cite>Andrianantoandro2006</cite><br />
* "Synthetic biologists come in two broad classes. One uses unnatural molecules to reproduce emergent behaviours from natural biology, with the goal of creating artificial life. The other seeks interchangeable parts from natural biology to assemble into systems that function unnaturally." <cite>Benner2005</cite><br />
* Bottom-up assembly of genes, organelles and organisms. <br />
** In contrast to traditional "top-down" genetic approaches that look for mutated versions of existing organisms.<br />
** Ex:Re-factoring and re-writing genomes from scratch.<br />
** Create chemical systems with biological behaviors (e.g., self-replication).<br />
* Application of engineering principles to biology.<br />
** Standardized parts that give predictable outcomes when put together in different combinations.<br />
** Instantiating algorithms and problems from physics and math into biology. (e.g., oscillators)<br />
** Ex: circuits, DNA computing, metabolic engineering<br />
** Rewriting biological sequences in ways that could not be achieved (quickly) by natural evolution<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Biology Workshops ==<br />
<br />
* [http://meetings.cshl.edu/courses/2013/c-synbio13.shtml 2003 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Synthetic Biology Course]<br />
<br />
== Synthetic Biology Conferences/Sessions ==<br />
<br />
Looking over the schedules of recent conferences is an excellent way to find new topics of interest or finds labs that are involved in synthetic biology.<br />
<br />
[http://sb6.biobricks.org/about/ SBx.0 Conference Series]<br />
* Synthetic Biology 6.0 (2013) [http://sb6.biobricks.org/ main page]<br />
* Synthetic Biology 5.0 (2011) [http://sb5.biobricks.org/schedule/ schedule]<br />
<br />
ASM<br />
* American Society for Microbiology General Meeting (2013) [http://gm.asm.org/ schedule] [[:Image:CH391L_S13_ASM_Program_1.png | session1]] [[:Image:CH391L_S13_ASM_Program_1.png | session2]]<br />
* American Society for Microbiology General Meeting (2012) [[:Image:CH391L_S12_ASM2012Program.png | session]]<br />
<br />
Keystone<br />
* Keystone Conference: Precision Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology [http://www.keystonesymposia.org/index.cfm?e=web.Meeting.Program&meetingid=1238 schedule]<br />
<br />
ICBE—International Conference on Biomolecular Engineering<br />
*4th ICBE (2013) [http://www.aiche.org/sbe/conferences/international-conference-biomolecular-engineering-icbe/2013/icbe-conference-schedule schedule]<br />
<br />
==Read More==<br />
Special Synthetic Biology Edition in the [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13675931/16/3 August 2012 Current Opinion in Chemical Biology ]<br />
<br />
== References == <br />
<br />
<biblio><br />
#Smith70 Smith H and Welcox KW. A Restriction enzyme from Hemophilus influenzae ☆: I. Purification and general properties. 1970. pmid:5312500 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002228367090149X<br />
#Jackson1972 pmid=4342968 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002228367090149X<br />
//Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of ''Escherichia coli''.<br />
#Elowitz2000 pmid=10659856<br />
#Fraley Fraley, RT et al. (1983) Expression of bacterial genes in plant cells. Proc. NatL. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4803–4807 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC384133/<br />
#Knight2003 Knight, T. Idempotent Vector Design for Standard Assembly of Biobricks. 2003.<br />
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/21168<br />
#Smith2003 pmid=14657399<br />
//Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides. <br />
#Judson1979 isbn=0879694785<br />
#Gregory2006 Gregory et al. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. 2006.<br />
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7091/full/nature04727.html<br />
#Andrianantoandro2006 pmid=16738572 <br />
// Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline<br />
#Benner2005 pmid=15995697<br />
// Synthetic biology<br />
#Gibson2010 pmid=20488990<br />
<!--below:First publication of a CAD program for synthetic bio--><br />
#Cai2007 pmid=17804435<br />
#Gibson2008 pmid=18218864<br />
#Cello2002 pmid=12114528<br />
#Fiers1976 Fiers, W et al. 1976. Complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage MS2 RNA: primary and secondary structure of the replicase gene. <br />
http://www.regensci.org/twiki/pub/IGEM2009/BrainStorming/ms2article.pdf <br />
#Matteucci1981 Matteucci MD and Caruthers MH. 1981. Synthesis of Deoxyoligonucleotides on a Polymer Support. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja00401a041?prevSearch=matteucci%252C%2Bcaruthers%252C%2B1981&searchHistoryKey=<br />
</biblio></div>Gas2342